March 7, 2025 Dataset Open Access

Skrypnik, Artem; Lappan, Tobias; Knüpfer, Leon; Ziauddin, Muhammad; Arnal Tribaldos, Icíar; Shevchenko, Natalia; Heitkam, Sascha

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    <subfield code="a">&lt;p&gt;The hydrodynamic theory of pneumatic foam analytically predicts the advective transport of liquid by foam rising continuously in a vertical column or pipe, relying on cross-sectional averaging of the foam velocity and liquid fraction. This experimental study accumulates a database for assessing the pneumatic foam theory in a vertically aligned diverging nozzle, i.e. at increasing cross-sectional area in nominal flow direction. The velocity distribution of the flowing foam and its liquid fraction distribution were measured by means of X-ray, optical and electrical techniques in three different nozzles distinguished by their half angle &amp;theta; = 5&amp;deg;, 10&amp;deg;, 20&amp;deg;. The experimental setup and the measurements are described in detail in Skrypnik et al. (&lt;a href="https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-41024"&gt;https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-41024&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;X-ray radiography (XR) has measured the distribution of the liquid fraction (&amp;epsilon;&lt;sub&gt;XR&lt;/sub&gt;) inside the nozzle as a two-dimensional projection, i.e. integrated in the X-ray beam direction.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;X-ray particle tracking (XPTV) has measured the local velocity u&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; inside the nozzle, along the motion path of each tracer particle described by the radial (r) and vertical position (z) in consecutive frames. The velocity u&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; was normalised by the superficial gas velocity j&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;(z) = Q&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt; / (&amp;pi; * R(z)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), with Q&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt; denoting the gas flow rate of compressed air applied for foam generation, and R(z) denoting the radius of the cross-sectional area depending on the vertical position z. To compare different nozzles, the vertical position z was normalised by the total length L = 25 mm / tan(&amp;theta;) of the nozzle depending on its half angle &amp;theta; = 5&amp;deg;, 10&amp;deg;, 20&amp;deg;.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Optical PIV adapted to foam (FoamPIV) has measured the time-averaged velocity u&lt;sub&gt;W&lt;/sub&gt; through the transparent wall of the nozzle, i.e. at the nozzle radius r = R(z) depending on the vertical position z. As described above, the velocity u&lt;sub&gt;W&lt;/sub&gt; was normalised by the superficial gas velocity j&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;(z), and the vertical position z was normalised by the total length L of the nozzle.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Electrode pairs (EP) have measured the cross-sectional average values of the liquid fraction (&amp;epsilon;&lt;sub&gt;EP&lt;/sub&gt;) upstream and downstream the nozzle, simultaneously to the X-ray radiographic measurement of the liquid fraction distribution (&amp;epsilon;&lt;sub&gt;XR&lt;/sub&gt;) inside the nozzle.&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;The experimental data in this repository is structured into different folders and files as follows.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;FoamNozzle_Overview.CSV gives an overview of all measurements runs, nozzles, and techniques.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Level 1 are folders classified by the measurement technique: 01_XR: X-ray radiography, 02_XPTV: X-ray particles tracking velocimetry, 03_FoamPIV: Optical PIV adapted to foam, 04_EP: Electrode pairs.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Level 2 are folders classified by the different nozzles, distinguished by the nozzle half angle &amp;theta; = 5&amp;deg;, 10&amp;deg;, 20&amp;deg;, and divided into bottom and top part in the case of &amp;theta; = 5&amp;deg;, 10&amp;deg;.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Level 3 are TIF and CSV files of measurement results.
	&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;01_XR: Each TIF image shows the time-averaged distribution of the liquid fraction inside the nozzle; the liquid fraction (0 &amp;lt; &amp;epsilon;&lt;sub&gt;XR&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;lt; 1) is indicated by the value of each pixel.&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;02_XPTV: Each CSV file consists of three columns, namely the radial position (r, in mm), the normalised vertical position (z / L), and the normalised velocity (u&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; / j&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;(z)).&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;03_FoamPIV: Each CSV file consists of two columns, namely the normalised vertical position (z / L), and the normalised velocity (u&lt;sub&gt;W&lt;/sub&gt; / j&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;(z)).&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;04_EP: Each CSV file consists of three columns, namely the cross-sectional average of the liquid fraction (0 &amp;lt; &amp;epsilon;&lt;sub&gt;EP&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;lt; 1) downstream as well as upstream the nozzle, and the time (in s).&lt;/li&gt;
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    <subfield code="a">The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG, under grant number HE 7529/3-1, project numbers 431077191 and 551239760), by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, under grant number 03HY123E), and by the Summer Student Program at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf.</subfield>
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