March 7, 2025 Dataset Open Access

Skrypnik, Artem; Lappan, Tobias; Knüpfer, Leon; Ziauddin, Muhammad; Arnal Tribaldos, Icíar; Shevchenko, Natalia; Heitkam, Sascha

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  <identifier identifierType="DOI">10.14278/rodare.3624</identifier>
  <creators>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Skrypnik, Artem</creatorName>
      <givenName>Artem</givenName>
      <familyName>Skrypnik</familyName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0002-3472-3421</nameIdentifier>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Lappan, Tobias</creatorName>
      <givenName>Tobias</givenName>
      <familyName>Lappan</familyName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0003-2826-1395</nameIdentifier>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Knüpfer, Leon</creatorName>
      <givenName>Leon</givenName>
      <familyName>Knüpfer</familyName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0001-7012-7662</nameIdentifier>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Ziauddin, Muhammad</creatorName>
      <givenName>Muhammad</givenName>
      <familyName>Ziauddin</familyName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0002-4580-9482</nameIdentifier>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Arnal Tribaldos, Icíar</creatorName>
      <givenName>Icíar</givenName>
      <familyName>Arnal Tribaldos</familyName>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Shevchenko, Natalia</creatorName>
      <givenName>Natalia</givenName>
      <familyName>Shevchenko</familyName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0002-6177-2130</nameIdentifier>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Heitkam, Sascha</creatorName>
      <givenName>Sascha</givenName>
      <familyName>Heitkam</familyName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="http://orcid.org/">0000-0002-2493-7629</nameIdentifier>
    </creator>
  </creators>
  <titles>
    <title>Data publication: Measurement of liquid foam flow through a diverging nozzle</title>
  </titles>
  <publisher>Rodare</publisher>
  <publicationYear>2025</publicationYear>
  <subjects>
    <subject>Drainage</subject>
    <subject>Liquid fraction</subject>
    <subject>Particle tracking velocimetry</subject>
    <subject>Particle image velocimetry</subject>
    <subject>Pneumatic foam theory</subject>
    <subject>X-ray radiography</subject>
  </subjects>
  <dates>
    <date dateType="Issued">2025-03-07</date>
  </dates>
  <language>en</language>
  <resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="Dataset"/>
  <alternateIdentifiers>
    <alternateIdentifier alternateIdentifierType="url">https://rodare.hzdr.de/record/3624</alternateIdentifier>
  </alternateIdentifiers>
  <relatedIdentifiers>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="URL" relationType="IsIdenticalTo">https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-41083</relatedIdentifier>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="URL" relationType="IsReferencedBy">https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-41024</relatedIdentifier>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsVersionOf">10.14278/rodare.3623</relatedIdentifier>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="URL" relationType="IsPartOf">https://rodare.hzdr.de/communities/fwd</relatedIdentifier>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="URL" relationType="IsPartOf">https://rodare.hzdr.de/communities/hzdr</relatedIdentifier>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="URL" relationType="IsPartOf">https://rodare.hzdr.de/communities/rodare</relatedIdentifier>
  </relatedIdentifiers>
  <rightsList>
    <rights rightsURI="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</rights>
    <rights rightsURI="info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess">Open Access</rights>
  </rightsList>
  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">&lt;p&gt;The hydrodynamic theory of pneumatic foam analytically predicts the advective transport of liquid by foam rising continuously in a vertical column or pipe, relying on cross-sectional averaging of the foam velocity and liquid fraction. This experimental study accumulates a database for assessing the pneumatic foam theory in a vertically aligned diverging nozzle, i.e. at increasing cross-sectional area in nominal flow direction. The velocity distribution of the flowing foam and its liquid fraction distribution were measured by means of X-ray, optical and electrical techniques in three different nozzles distinguished by their half angle &amp;theta; = 5&amp;deg;, 10&amp;deg;, 20&amp;deg;. The experimental setup and the measurements are described in detail in Skrypnik et al. (&lt;a href="https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-41024"&gt;https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-41024&lt;/a&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;X-ray radiography (XR) has measured the distribution of the liquid fraction (&amp;epsilon;&lt;sub&gt;XR&lt;/sub&gt;) inside the nozzle as a two-dimensional projection, i.e. integrated in the X-ray beam direction.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;X-ray particle tracking (XPTV) has measured the local velocity u&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; inside the nozzle, along the motion path of each tracer particle described by the radial (r) and vertical position (z) in consecutive frames. The velocity u&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; was normalised by the superficial gas velocity j&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;(z) = Q&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt; / (&amp;pi; * R(z)&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), with Q&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt; denoting the gas flow rate of compressed air applied for foam generation, and R(z) denoting the radius of the cross-sectional area depending on the vertical position z. To compare different nozzles, the vertical position z was normalised by the total length L = 25 mm / tan(&amp;theta;) of the nozzle depending on its half angle &amp;theta; = 5&amp;deg;, 10&amp;deg;, 20&amp;deg;.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Optical PIV adapted to foam (FoamPIV) has measured the time-averaged velocity u&lt;sub&gt;W&lt;/sub&gt; through the transparent wall of the nozzle, i.e. at the nozzle radius r = R(z) depending on the vertical position z. As described above, the velocity u&lt;sub&gt;W&lt;/sub&gt; was normalised by the superficial gas velocity j&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;(z), and the vertical position z was normalised by the total length L of the nozzle.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Electrode pairs (EP) have measured the cross-sectional average values of the liquid fraction (&amp;epsilon;&lt;sub&gt;EP&lt;/sub&gt;) upstream and downstream the nozzle, simultaneously to the X-ray radiographic measurement of the liquid fraction distribution (&amp;epsilon;&lt;sub&gt;XR&lt;/sub&gt;) inside the nozzle.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The experimental data in this repository is structured into different folders and files as follows.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;FoamNozzle_Overview.CSV gives an overview of all measurements runs, nozzles, and techniques.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Level 1 are folders classified by the measurement technique: 01_XR: X-ray radiography, 02_XPTV: X-ray particles tracking velocimetry, 03_FoamPIV: Optical PIV adapted to foam, 04_EP: Electrode pairs.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Level 2 are folders classified by the different nozzles, distinguished by the nozzle half angle &amp;theta; = 5&amp;deg;, 10&amp;deg;, 20&amp;deg;, and divided into bottom and top part in the case of &amp;theta; = 5&amp;deg;, 10&amp;deg;.&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li&gt;Level 3 are TIF and CSV files of measurement results.
	&lt;ul&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;01_XR: Each TIF image shows the time-averaged distribution of the liquid fraction inside the nozzle; the liquid fraction (0 &amp;lt; &amp;epsilon;&lt;sub&gt;XR&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;lt; 1) is indicated by the value of each pixel.&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;02_XPTV: Each CSV file consists of three columns, namely the radial position (r, in mm), the normalised vertical position (z / L), and the normalised velocity (u&lt;sub&gt;T&lt;/sub&gt; / j&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;(z)).&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;03_FoamPIV: Each CSV file consists of two columns, namely the normalised vertical position (z / L), and the normalised velocity (u&lt;sub&gt;W&lt;/sub&gt; / j&lt;sub&gt;g&lt;/sub&gt;(z)).&lt;/li&gt;
		&lt;li&gt;04_EP: Each CSV file consists of three columns, namely the cross-sectional average of the liquid fraction (0 &amp;lt; &amp;epsilon;&lt;sub&gt;EP&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;lt; 1) downstream as well as upstream the nozzle, and the time (in s).&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;/ul&gt;
	&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</description>
    <description descriptionType="Other">The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG, under grant number HE 7529/3-1, project number 431077191), by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, under grant number 03HY123E), and by the Summer Student Program at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf.</description>
  </descriptions>
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