March 7, 2025 Dataset Open Access

Data publication: Measurement of liquid foam flow through a diverging nozzle

Skrypnik, Artem; Lappan, Tobias; Knüpfer, Leon; Ziauddin, Muhammad; Arnal Tribaldos, Icíar; Shevchenko, Natalia; Heitkam, Sascha

The hydrodynamic theory of pneumatic foam analytically predicts the advective transport of liquid by foam rising continuously in a vertical column or pipe, relying on cross-sectional averaging of the foam velocity and liquid fraction. This experimental study accumulates a database for assessing the pneumatic foam theory in a vertically aligned diverging nozzle, i.e. at increasing cross-sectional area in nominal flow direction. The velocity distribution of the flowing foam and its liquid fraction distribution were measured by means of X-ray, optical and electrical techniques in three different nozzles distinguished by their half angle θ = 5°, 10°, 20°. The experimental setup and the measurements are described in detail in Skrypnik et al. (https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-41024).

• X-ray radiography (XR) has measured the distribution of the liquid fraction (ε_XR) inside the nozzle as a two-dimensional projection, i.e. integrated in the X-ray beam direction.
• X-ray particle tracking (XPTV) has measured the local velocity u_T inside the nozzle, along the motion path of each tracer particle described by the radial (r) and vertical position (z) in consecutive frames. The velocity u_T was normalised by the superficial gas velocity j_g(z) = Q_g / (π * R(z)²), with Q_g denoting the gas flow rate of compressed air applied for foam generation, and R(z) denoting the radius of the cross-sectional area depending on the vertical position z. To compare different nozzles, the vertical position z was normalised by the total length L = 25 mm / tan(θ) of the nozzle depending on its half angle θ = 5°, 10°, 20°.
• Optical PIV adapted to foam (FoamPIV) has measured the time-averaged velocity u_W through the transparent wall of the nozzle, i.e. at the nozzle radius r = R(z) depending on the vertical position z. As described above, the velocity u_W was normalised by the superficial gas velocity j_g(z), and the vertical position z was normalised by the total length L of the nozzle.
• Electrode pairs (EP) have measured the cross-sectional average values of the liquid fraction (ε_EP) upstream and downstream the nozzle, simultaneously to the X-ray radiographic measurement of the liquid fraction distribution (ε_XR) inside the nozzle.

The experimental data in this repository is structured into different folders and files as follows.

• FoamNozzle_Overview.CSV gives an overview of all measurements runs, nozzles, and techniques.
• Level 1 are folders classified by the measurement technique: 01_XR: X-ray radiography, 02_XPTV: X-ray particles tracking velocimetry, 03_FoamPIV: Optical PIV adapted to foam, 04_EP: Electrode pairs.
• Level 2 are folders classified by the different nozzles, distinguished by the nozzle half angle θ = 5°, 10°, 20°, and divided into bottom and top part in the case of θ = 5°, 10°.
• Level 3 are TIF and CSV files of measurement results.
  • 01_XR: Each TIF image shows the time-averaged distribution of the liquid fraction inside the nozzle; the liquid fraction (0 < ε_XR < 1) is indicated by the value of each pixel.
  • 02_XPTV: Each CSV file consists of three columns, namely the radial position (r, in mm), the normalised vertical position (z / L), and the normalised velocity (u_T / j_g(z)).
  • 03_FoamPIV: Each CSV file consists of two columns, namely the normalised vertical position (z / L), and the normalised velocity (u_W / j_g(z)).
  • 04_EP: Each CSV file consists of three columns, namely the cross-sectional average of the liquid fraction (0 < ε_EP < 1) downstream as well as upstream the nozzle, and the time (in s).